Essay Writing Guide - The Essay Sample

Essay Writing Guide - The Essay SampleA Boston University supplement essay sample can help you write a good Boston University supplement essay that will help your grades and show that you have good study habits. Some of the topics in your Boston University supplement essays are health, work and school. The students that participate in this type of study guides for the purpose of help are the students that require extra help to boost their grades.Some of them may be students who want to start a new career in which they require some experience for. Such students have no experience to start a new career, which is why it is important to avail the Boston University supplement essay sample that can give them with all necessary information needed to start a new career.Some of the topics that can be written on are how the medical field works, how food is prepared and consumed and how people are affected by the food we eat every day and many other topics that focus on health aids. Such subjec ts can be completed with the help of the Boston University supplement essay sample which can help you write a well-written supplement essay that will definitely give you the right grades.It is easy to write an essay on these subjects when you know how to write one. With the help of the Boston University supplement essay sample you can learn the methods of writing such essays. The subjects of health aids, food and preparation, medical researches and other such subjects can be written in the supplement essays that need to be done by the students for the purpose of improving their grade and their scores on examinations.To get a clear idea about the essay topics that you will need to write for your Boston University supplement essay, you can look up the sample essays in the Internet. There are many websites where you can get the samples of the essays which can be very helpful in your task of writing a Boston University supplement essay. These websites contain the samples of different su bjects, which you can compare with the ones that you have prepared.By doing a search on the Internet you will find the best Boston University supplement essay sample for your particular subject. If you are not confident of what you want to write, you can also consult a professional writer who can guide you with your task. He or she can also provide you with valuable tips and suggestions that can help you achieve your goal in writing a Boston University supplement essay.Apart from the essay sample, you can also check out the websites of the writers who do the same job as you do. These writers are capable of providing you with the excellent quality essays for writing Boston University supplement essays. You can choose among them to hire them for the task of writing your essay.Essay writing has been made easy now by the help of the internet. There are many websites that can help you with the essay writing. It is easy to take help from these websites but it is still important to look up a good Boston University supplement essay sample for your essay as this will give you with all the necessary information that you need to write an essay for the purpose of helping your school.

What You Dont Know About Elderly Essay Topics May Surprise You

<h1>What You Don't Know About Elderly Essay Topics May Surprise You </h1> <p>There are a few unique organizations that will offer the in-home consideration. In the occasion the underlying consideration gave isn't effective a medical caretaker must think about an alternate strategy. Home social insurance suppliers might be the arrangement you've been scanning for. For older individuals it's crucially imperative to realize they have someone who will think about their prosperity and security. </p> <p>Pain is an imperative idea in nursing. Pre-birth care is the perfect method to publicize the wellbeing of an unborn youngster. Instruction and preparing for those Doctors ought to likewise contain the sequential age structure with the focus on the grown-up security. </p> <p>Regardless of the endeavors that have been contribution to attempting to improve the mindfulness On the issue of old maltreatment, the old people who live in the drawn out consideration units will probably be presented to increasingly helpless conditions. The sexual orientation contemplates exist to support comprehension of the possibility of sex and between sexes for the most part. Among the maltreatment an individual could endure, boisterous attack can be totally the most widely recognized and most crushing maltreatment. For example, one of the regularly experienced issues is senior maltreatment. </p> <p>You may need to distinguish what you have to write in your exposition. Life is far superior than it was 50 decades back. Totally free Elderly paper tests are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no installment or enrollment. Totally free Depression Elderly paper tests can be found FreeEssayHelp with no installment or enrollment. </p> <p>No matter the circumstance, the old do require a type of care. In the example of matured people that are not with respect to the family, Japanese spouses or their little girls are the people who will in general give their older companions the consideration they require. At times, the old individual could be in a situation to dwell in their own home, and could be sufficient not to require particular consideration and consideration. Inform me concerning the most captivating individual that you've at any point met. </p> <h2> Most Noticeable Elderly Essay Topics</h2> <p>Whenever your older friends and family live alone, there are different concerns. The older will likewise confront a negative impact on their wellbeing by virtue of the sweltering summer temperatures. In outline, because of way of life changes, numerous people have started living in progressively reduced gatherings and families, and are additionally situated a long way from each other. In the two countries, the addition in maturing individuals from the people has squeezed the clinical and retirement plans. </p> <h2>The Little-Known Secrets to Elderly Essay Topics </h2> <p>If don't have any single thought regarding what to expound on, glance through the themes you've just gone in your course books. Ensure that you have all of data with respect to the point you are dealing with in articles on media. As expressed before, media is a broad idea which needs a specific theme to be bantered in the media article so you should be extremely cautious while tending to the subject determination method. </p> <p>Now you have a thought about what a proposition paper is and the best approach to choose the best possible subject to form your own exposition, here are a couple of instances of proposition article points. Remember, proposition expositions fill a need outside scholarly world. They are basic in business and science classes and callings, but at the same time are helpful for various controls. Since they are a kind of contentious article, you need to be certain the paper is deserving of a contention. </p> <p>Don't overlook that an analysis doesn't demonstrate that you focus on featuring the more fragile parts of the book. Presently it's an ideal opportunity to create your exposition. The paper isn't the most straightforward assignment to ace. To lay it out plainly, a proposition paper distinguishes an issue and recommends a solution for that issue. </p> <p>Most issues can have papers on all the previously mentioned questions. To start composing your task you would need to experience an intriguing and promising point. General diagram would comprise of data that is covering the point for language paper for an entire time explicit outline will simply talk about specific issues. </p> <p>Many questions are a few decisions. An equalization of science and critical thinking questions give a sound assessment of an understudies generally speaking capacity bringing about clinical and talented achievement. Hence, the subject will must be all around considered in light of the fact that it will discover the standard of your paper. Ladies' medical problems themes offer you a variety of research subjects. </p>

Diversity College Essay Ideas - Important Essay Tips

Diversity College Essay Ideas - Important Essay TipsIt is always better to brainstorm in advance of writing your college essay, instead of trying to put together a piece without having an idea of what you want to say. The essay should be exciting and eye-catching, so that it inspires the reader to keep reading. Here are some tips on writing a good diversity college essay.Diversity college essays are usually written with two viewpoints in mind: either with one perspective or two. The key here is to remember that everyone has a different viewpoint on the world. It is also important to not use bias in your essay as well. It is also important to be honest in your argumentative points; if you write in an angry manner, you will not win the argument as well.You can use different perspectives when writing a diversity college essay. One way to do this is to choose two topics that are not related, but may be connected. This gives you freedom of thought, as you can add your own opinion about bo th topics in a way that will not offend anyone. If you are interested in the topic, you may also add your own opinion on it, and then allow the reader to decide which way they will like it.You should also not base your ideas on other people's opinions. This is where the diversity college essay ideas come in handy. This is because people are generally biased, and it is essential to make your own opinion on a subject.You should focus on the main idea you want to communicate to the reader. You can then use various viewpoints to support this main idea. As long as you give the reader a clear idea of what your main point is, you will have a successful essay.You should also consider the amount of time you have before you write your essay ideas. If you have limited time, you should take the liberty of coming up with your ideas in advance, rather than writing them during the stress of the deadlines. You should also plan how long you need to write it for. As long as you get the ideas out in t ime, you should have no problem at all finishing the college essay.Finally, you should try to think of good diversity college essay ideas. Of course, you should avoid plagiarism as much as possible, but you can use quotations liberally as well. However, you should make sure to proofread your work so that you do not offend anyone.As you can see, diversity college essay ideas come in handy when you want to write a good essay. You should start brainstorming as early as possible, as this will help you get your essay out in the open before you are forced to write it. The essay should be exciting, so that it inspires the reader to keep reading.

The One Advantage of Using Persuasive Essay Samples

The One Advantage of Using Persuasive Essay SamplesYour persuasive essay samples are a powerful way to get attention and increase your word count. A persuasive essay is a variation of a topic that requires the writer to think and write clearly, under pressure. To use persuasive essay samples successfully, the writer needs to use the one clear advantage of using a sample. What is the one advantage that makes a persuasive essay sample different from an entire writing assignment?In the examples we've covered, each sentence samples has one clear advantage. That advantage is that all the parts of the sample to give you a chance to go in, consciously or unconsciously, and decide for yourself which part to go with.This means that you are able to develop a different writing voice for each sentence samples. Some writers have trouble doing this in essays, but persuasive essay samples allow the writer to do it in style.The most important advantage of persuasive essay samples is that they allow you to decide for yourself how to finish the piece. As a writer, you can do things that you don't like, that will give your readers pause. However, if you use a persuasive essay sample, you can do things that you don't like, but that will make your reader want to read on.If you find yourself facing a difficult, tricky, or even tricky topic, it is often tempting to trot out a clever rebuttal sentence. The problem with this is that it often makes your piece sound insincere, if not in fact dishonest. However, if you have this advantage, you can use a persuasive essay sample to write a piece that is believable and polished, but is also a little corny.It is when you use persuasive essay samples that you get to develop an angle on a problem that you are trying to tackle, or a clever way to avoid a difficult problem. As you develop this angle, you will be able to use your essay to solve other problems as well.Your persuasive essay samples will allow you to do a better job of getting you an d your readers to read on. This will give you the opportunity to explain a dilemma, an issue, or a fact.

Reflection On The On Success - 1935 Words

Reflection on Success Introduction I cannot believe the final week of EDU-5000 is here! This course has been a great foundation course to prepare for the remainder of the program. This foundation course allowed me to gain the knowledge needed to continue my program at NCU to lead to my Master of Education degree in Curriculum and Teaching. I choose this degree because I want to be able to open more doors for better opportunities within higher education to contribute towards student and institutional success. I feel that earning this degree will allow me to gain more knowledge about the field of education, curriculum, and teaching to better prepare for advanced jobs within higher education. I believe the assignments, readings, and†¦show more content†¦The biggest principle I learned from this week was about the ABCDE method and how to categorize a to-do list based on a level of serious consequences if not completed to unnecessary and can be removed. Overall, I had a good sense of where I spend my time and how to find time to fit NCU into my life to work on assignments and process through my courses. From this assignment, one thing I still need to improve is to avoid using the word â€Å"you† in my writing because it is slang. Week 3: Compare and Contrast Using APA Style For week three, I learned about the importance of academic integrity, APA formatting, and plagiarism. The assignment for week one and three prepared me for week four’s assignment to analyze research with the help of key words, peer-reviewed journals, and search limiters. After reading the NCU Academic Integrity Policy, I understand that I have an expectation to produce good academic work based on the foundation of integrity and responsible behavior. The assignment in week 3 also gave me the foundations of APA form and style and the importance of paraphrasing to avoid plagiarism. From this assignment, I have learned the importance of paraphrasing and quoting. 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Memory System Problemsy Essay Example For Students

Memory System Problemsy Essay CHAPTER 5 THE MEMORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Cap. 9 Sistema di memoria 5. 1 Give a block diagram similar to the one in Figure 5. 10 for a 8M ? 32 memory using 512K ? 8 memory chips. 5. 2 Consider the dynamic memory cell of Figure 5. 6. Assume that C = 50 femtofarads (10? 15 F) and that leakage current through the transistor is about 9 picoamperes (10? 12 A). The voltage across the capacitor when it is fully charged is equal to 4. 5 V. The cell must be refreshed before this voltage drops below 3 V. Estimate the minimum refresh rate. 5. 3 In the bottom right corner of Figure 5. there are data input and data output registers. Draw a circuit that can implement one bit of each of these registers, and show the Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl PROBLEMS 361 required connections to the block â€Å"Read/Write circuits ; latches† on one side and the data bus on the other side. 5. 4 Consider a main memory constructed with SDRAM chips that have timing requirements depicted in Figure 5. 9, except that the burst length is 8. Assume that 32 bits of data are transferred in parallel. If a 133-MHz clock is used, how much time does it take to transfer: (a) 32 bytes of data (b) 64 bytes of data What is the latency in each case? 5. 5 Criticize the following statement: â€Å"Using a faster processor chip results in a corresponding increase in performance of a computer even if the main memory speed remains the same. † 5. 6 A program consists of two nested loops — a small inner loop and a much larger outer loop. The general structure of the program is given in Figure P5. 1. The decimal memory addresses shown delineate the location of the two loops and the beginning and end of the total program. All memory locations in the various sections, 17–22, 23–164, 165–239, and so on, contain instructions to be executed in straight-line sequencing. The program is to be run on a computer that has an instruction cache organized in the direct-mapped manner (see Figure 5. 15) and that has the following parameters: Main memory size 64K words Cache size 1K words Block size 128 words START 17 23 165 Inner loop executed 20 times Outer loop executed 10 times 239 1200 END 1500 Figure P5. A program structure for Problem 5. 6. Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 362 CHAPTER 5 †¢ THE MEMORY SYSTEM The cycle time of the main memory is 10? s, and the cycle time of the cache is 1? s. (a) Specify the number of bits in the TAG, BLOCK, and WORD ? elds in main memory addresses. (b) Compute the total time needed for instruction fetching during execution of the program in Figure P5. 1. 5. 7 A computer uses a small direct-mapped cache between the main memory and the processor. The cache has four 16-bit words, and each word has an associated 13-bit tag, as shown in Figure P5. 2a. When a miss occurs during a read operation, the requested word is read from the main memory and sent to the processor. At the same time, it is copied into the cache, and its block number is stored in the associated tag. Consider the following loop in a program where all instructions and operands are 16 bits long: LOOP 13 bits 0 16 bits Tag Data Add (R1)+,R0 Decrement R2 BNE LOOP 054E A03C 2 05D9 4 10D7 6 (a) Cache (b) Main memory Figure P5. 2 Cache and main memory contents in Problem 5. 7. Assume that, before this loop is entered, registers R0, R1, and R2 contain 0, 054E, and 3, respectively. Also assume that the main memory contains the data shown in Figure P5. 2b, where all entries are given in hexadecimal notation. The loop starts at location LOOP = 02EC. (a) Show the contents of the cache at the end of each pass through the loop. (b) Assume that the access time of the main memory is 10? and that of the cache is 1? . Calculate the execution time for each pass. Ignore the time taken by the processor between memory cycles. 5. 8 Repeat Problem 5. 7, assuming only instructions are stored in the cache. Data operands are fetched directly from the main memory and not copied into the cache. Why does this choice lead to faster execution than when both instructions and data are written into the cache? Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl PROBLEMS 5. 9 363 A block-set-associative cache consists of a total of 64 blocks divided into 4-block sets. The main memory contains 4096 blocks, each consisting of 128 words. (a) How many bits are there in a main memory address? b) How many bits are there in each of the TAG, SET, and WORD ? elds? 5. 10 A computer system has a main memory consisting of 1M 16-bit words. It also has a 4K-word cache organized in the block-set-associative manner, with 4 blocks per set and 64 words per block. (a) Calculate the number of bits in each of the TAG, SET, and WORD ? elds of the main memory address format. (b) Assume that the cache is initially empty. Suppos e that the processor fetches 4352 words from locations 0, 1, 2, . . . , 4351, in that order. It then repeats this fetch sequence nine more times. If the cache is 10 times faster than the main memory, estimate the improvement factor resulting from the use of the cache. Assume that the LRU algorithm is used for block replacement. 5. 11 Repeat Problem 5. 10, assuming that whenever a block is to be brought from the main memory and the corresponding set in the cache is full, the new block replaces the most recently used block of this set. 5. 12 Section 5. 5. 3 illustrates the effect of different cache-mapping techniques, using the program in Figure 5. 19. Suppose that this program is changed so that in the second loop the elements are handled in the same order as in the ? st loop, that is, the control for the second loop is speci? ed as for i := 0 to 9 do Derive the equivalents of Figures 5. 20 through 5. 22 for this program. What conclusions can be drawn from this exercise? 5. 13 A byte-addressable computer has a small data cache capable of holding eight 32-bit words. Each cache block consists of one 32-bit word. When a given prog ram is executed, the processor reads data from the following sequence of hex addresses: 200, 204, 208, 20C, 2F4, 2F0, 200, 204, 218, 21C, 24C, 2F4 This pattern is repeated four times. a) Show the contents of the cache at the end of each pass through this loop if a directmapped cache is used. Compute the hit rate for this example. Assume that the cache is initially empty. (b) Repeat part (a) for an associative-mapped cache that uses the LRU replacement algorithm. (c) Repeat part (a) for a four-way set-associative cache. 5. 14 Repeat Problem 5. 13, assuming that each cache block consists of two 32-bit words. For part (c), use a two-way set-associative cache. Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 64 CHAPTER 5 †¢ THE MEMORY SYSTEM 5. 15 How might the value of k in the interleaved memory system of Figure 5. 25b in? uence block size in the design of a cache memory to be used with the system? 5. 16 In many computers the cache block size is in the range of 32 to 128 bytes. What would be the main advantages and disadvantages of making the size of cache blocks larger or smaller? 5. 17 Consider the effectiveness of interleaving with respect to the size of cache blocks. Using calculations similar to those in Section 5. 6. 2, estimate the performance improvement for block sizes of 16, 8, and 4 words. Assume that all words loaded into the cache are accessed by the processor at least once. 5. 18 Assume a computer has L1 and L2 caches, as discussed in Section 5. 6. 3. The cache blocks consist of 8 words. Assume that the hit rate is the same for both caches and that it is equal to 0. 95 for instructions and 0. 90 for data. Assume also that the times needed to access an 8-word block in these caches are C1 = 1 cycle and C2 = 10 cycles. (a) What is the average access time experienced by the processor if the main memory uses interleaving? Assume that the memory access parameters are as described in Section 5. 6. . (b) What is the average access time if the main memory is not interleaved? (c) What is the improvement obtained with interleaving? 5. 19 Repeat Problem 5. 18, assuming that a cache block consists of 4 words. Estimate an appropriate value for C2 , assuming that the L2 cache is implemented with SRAM chips. 5. 20 Consider the following analogy for the concept of caching. A service man comes to a house to repair the heating system. He carries a toolbox that contains a number of tools that he has used recently in similar jobs. He uses these tools repeatedly, until he reaches a point where other tools are needed. It is likely that he has the required tools in his truck outside the house. But, if the needed tools are not in the truck, he must go to his shop to get them. Suppose we argue that the toolbox, the truck, and the shop correspond to the L1 cache, the L2 cache, and the main memory of a computer. How good is this analogy? Discuss its correct and incorrect features. 5. 21 A 1024 ? 1024 array of 32-bit numbers is to be â€Å"normalized† as follows. For each column, the largest element is found and all elements of the column are divided by this maximum value. Assume that each page in the virtual memory consists of 4K bytes, and that 1M bytes of the main memory are allocated for storing data during this computation. Suppose that it takes 40 ms to load a page from the disk into the main memory when a page fault occurs. (a) How many page faults would occur if the elements of the array are stored in column order in the virtual memory? (b) How many page faults would occur if the elements are stored in row order? (c) Estimate the total time needed to perform this normalization for both arrangements (a) and (b). Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl PROBLEMS 365 5. 22 Consider a computer system in which the available pages in the physical memory are divided among several application programs. When all the pages allocated to a program are full and a new page is needed, the new page must replace one of the resident pages. The operating system monitors the page transfer activity and dynamically adjusts the page allocation to various programs. Suggest a suitable strategy that the operating system can use to minimize the overall rate of page transfers. 5. 23 In a computer with a virtual-memory system, the execution of an instruction may be interrupted by a page fault. What state information has to be saved so that this instruction can be resumed later? Note that bringing a new page into the main memory involves a DMA transfer, which requires execution of other instructions. Is it simpler to abandon the interrupted instruction and completely reexecute it later? Can this be done? 5. 24 The Picture of Dorian EssayThis suggests that the LRU algorithm may not lead to good performance if used with arrays that do not t into the cache. The performance can be improved by introducing some randomness in the replacement algorithm. 5. 13. The two least-signi cant bits of an address, A1? 0 , specify a byte within a 32-bit word. For a direct-mapped cache, bits A4? 2 specify the block position. For a set-associative-mapped cache, bit A2 speci es the set. (a) Direct-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 1 2 208] 3 4 5 6 7 Hit rate = 33/48 = 0. 69 6 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ _ (b) Associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 _ Pass 1 218] Hit rate = 21/48 = 0. 44 (c) Set-associative-map ped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Pass 3 Pass 4 1 2 0 1 2 3 Set 1 Pass 2 3 Set 0 Pass 1 Hit rate = 30/48 = 0. 63 7 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ _ 5. 14. The two least-signi cant bits of an address, A1? , specify a byte within a 32-bit word. For a direct-mapped cache, bits A4? 3 specify the block position. For a set-associative-mapped cache, bit A3 speci es the set. (a) Direct-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 1 2 _ 3 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 Hit rate = 37/48 = 0. 77 (b) Associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 1 2 3 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 200] Hit rate = 34/48 = 0. 71 8 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ _ (c) Set-associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Set 0 1 0 Set 1 1 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 24C] Hit rate = 34/48 = 0. 71 5. 15. The block size (number of words in a block) of the cache should be at least as large as 2k , in order to take full advantage of the multiple module memory when transferring a block between the cache and the main memory. Power of 2 multiples of 2k work just as ef ciently , and are natural because block size is 2k for k bits in the †word† eld. 5. 16. Larger size †¢ fewer misses if most of the data in the block are actually used †¢ wasteful if much of the data are not used before the cache block is ejected from the cache Smaller size †¢ more misses 5. 17. For 16-word blocks the value of M is 1 + 8 + 3 ? 4 + 4 = 25 cycles. Then Time without cache = 4. 04 Time with cache In order to compare the 8-word and 16-word blocks, we can assume that two 8-word blocks must be brought into the cache for each 16-word block. Hence, the effective value of M is 2 ? 17 = 34. Then Time without cache = 3. 3 Time with cache 9 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl Similarly, for 4-word blocks the effective value of M is 4(1+8+4) = 52 cycles. Then Time without cache = 2. 42 Time with cache Clearly, interleaving is more effective if larger cache blocks are used. 5. 18. The hit rates are h1 = h2 = h = 0. 95 for instructions = 0. 90 for data The average access time is computed as 2 tave = hC1 + (1 ? h)hC2 + (1 ? h) M (a) With interleaving M = 17. Then tave = 0. 95 ? 1 + 0. 05 ? 0. 95 ? 10 + 0. 0025 ? 17 + 0. 3(0. 9 ? 1 + 0. 1 ? 0. 9 ? 10 + 0. 01 ? 17) = 2. 0585 cycles (b) Without interleaving M = 38. Then tave = 2. 174 cycles. (c) Without interleaving the average access takes 2. 174/2. 0585 = 1. 056 times longer. 5. 19. Suppose that it takes one clock cycle to send the address to the L2 cache, one cycle to access each word in the block, and one cycle to transfer a word from the L2 cache to the L1 cache. This leads to C2 = 6 cycles. (a) With interleaving M = 1 + 8 + 4 = 13. Then tave = 1. 79 cycles. (b) Without interleaving M = 1 + 8 + 3 ? 4 + 1 = 22. Then tave = 1. 86 cycles. (c) Without interleaving the average access takes 1. 86/1. 79 = 1. 039 times longer. 5. 20. The analogy is good with respect to: †¢ relative sizes of toolbox, truck and shop versus L1 cache, L2 cache and main memory †¢ relative access times relative frequency of use of tools in the 3 storage places versus the data accesses in caches and the main memory The analogy fails with respect to the facts that: †¢ at the start of a working day the tools placed into the truck and the toolbox are preselected based on the experience gained on previous jobs, while in the case of a new program that is run on a computer there is no relevant data loaded into the caches before execution begins 10 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl most of the tools in the toolbox and the truck are useful in successive jobs, while the data left in a cache by one program are not useful for the subsequent programs †¢ tools displaced by the need to use other tools are never thrown away, while data in the cache blocks are simply overwritten if the blocks are not agged as dirty 5. 21. Each 32-bit number comprises 4 bytes. Hence, each page holds 1024 numbers. There is space for 256 pages in the 1M-byte portion of the main memory that is allocated for storing data during the computation. a) Each column is one page; there will be 1024 page faults. (b) Processing of entire columns, one at a time, would be very inef cient and slow. However, if only one quarter of each column (for all columns) is processed before the next quarter is brought in from the disk, then each element of the array must be loaded into the memory twice. In this case, the number of page faults would be 2048. (c) Assuming that the computation time needed to normalize the numbers is negligible compared to the time needed to bring a page from the disk: Total time for (a) is 1024 ? 0 ms = 41 s Total time for (b) is 2048 ? 40 ms = 82 s 5. 22. The operating system may increase the main memory pages allocated to a program that has a large number of page faults, using space previously allocated to a program with a few page faults. 5. 23. Continuing the execution of an instruction interrupted by a page fault requires saving the entire state of the processor, which includes saving all registers that may have been affected by the instruction as well as the control information that indicates how far the execution has progressed. The alternative of re-executing the instruction from the beginning requires a capability to reverse any changes that may have been caused by the partial execution of the instruction. 5. 24. The problem is that a page fault may occur during intermediate steps in the execution of a single instruction. The page containing the referenced location must be transferred from the disk into the main memory before execution can proceed. Since the time needed for the page transfer (a disk operation) is very long, as compared to instruction execution time, a context-switch will usually be made. (A ontext-switch consists of preserving the state of the currently executing program, and †switching† the processor to the execution of another program that is resident in the main memory. ) The page transfer, via DMA, takes place while this other program executes. When the page transfer is complete, the original program can be resumed. Therefore, one of two features are needed in a system wher e the execution of an individual instruction may be suspended by a page fault. The rst possibility 11 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl s to save the state of instruction execution. This involves saving more information (temporary programmer-transparent registers, etc. ) than needed when a program is interrupted between instructions. The second possibility is to †unwind† the effects of the portion of the instruction completed when the page fault occurred, and then execute the instruction from the beginning when the program is resumed. 5. 25. (a) The maximum number of bytes that can be stored on this disk is 24? 14000? 400 ? 512 = 68. 8 ? 109 bytes. (b) The data transfer rate is (400 ? 512 ? 7200)/60 = 24. 58 ? 10 6 bytes/s. c) Need 9 bits to identify a sector, 14 bits for a track, and 5 bits for a surface. Thus, a possible scheme is to use address bits A8? 0 fo r sector, A22? 9 for track, and A27? 23 for surface identi cation. Bits A31? 28 are not used. 5. 26. The average seek time and rotational delay are 6 and 3 ms, respectively. The average data transfer rate from a track to the data buffer in the disk controller is 34 Mbytes/s. Hence, it takes 8K/34M = 0. 23 ms to transfer a block of data. (a) The total time needed to access each block is 9 + 0. 23 = 9. 23 ms. The portion of time occupied by seek and rotational delay is 9/9. 3 = 0. 97 = 97%. (b) Only rotational delays are involved in 90% of the cases. Therefore, the average time to access a block is 0. 9 ? 3 + 0. 1 ? 9 + 0. 23 = 3. 89 ms. The portion of time occupied by seek and rotational delay is 3. 6/3. 89 = 0. 92 = 92%. 5. 27. (a) The rate of transfer to or from any one disk is 30 megabytes per second. Maximum memory transfer rate is 4/(10 ? 10? 9 ) = 400 ? 106 bytes/s, which is 400 megabytes per second. Therefore, 13 disks can be simultaneously o wing data to/from the main memory. (b) 8K/30M = 0. 27 ms is needed to transfer 8K bytes to/from the disk. Seek and rotational delays are 6 ms and 3 ms, respectively. Therefore, 8K/4 = 2K words are transferred in 9. 27 ms. But in 9. 27 ms there are (9. 27 ? 10 ? 3 )/(0. 01 ? 10? 6 ) = 927 ? 103 memory (word) cycles available. Therefore, over a long period of time, any one disk steals only (2/927) ? 100 = 0. 2% of available memory cycles. 5. 28. The sector size should in uence the choice of page size, because the sector is the smallest directly addressable block of data on the disk that is read or written as a unit. Therefore, pages should be some small integral number of sectors in size. 5. 29. The next record, j, to be accessed after a forward read of record i has just been completed might be in the forward direction, with probability 0. 5 (4 records distance to the beginning of j), or might be in the backward direction with probability 0. 5 (6 records distance to the beginning of j plus 2 direction reversals). Time to scan over one record and an interrecord gap is 1 s 1 cm ? ? 4000 bits ? 1000 ms + 3 = 2. 5 + 3 = 5. 5 ms 800 cm 2000 bit 12 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl Therefore, average access and read time is 0. 5(4 ? 5. 5) + 0. 5(6 ? 5. 5 + 2 ? 225) + 5. 5 = 258 ms If records can be read while moving in both directions, average access and read time is 0. 5(4 ? 5. 5) + 0. 5(5 ? 5. 5 + 225) + 5. 5 = 142. 75 ms Therefore, the average percentage gain is (258 ? 142. 75)/258 ? 100 = 44. 7% The major gain is because the records being read are relatively close together, and one less direction reversal is needed. 13 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl

Rachael Carson Essays - Natural Environment, Biology, Pesticides

Rachael Carson Rachael Carson Would you want to know if the pesticides that were being sprayed on and around your homes would, in later years, cause cancer? That was Rachael Carson's intended purpose: to make the general public aware of the harmful pesticides used in and around their neighborhoods. Carson stated that chemical treatment of soils led to the destruction of beneficial biological species, and that such destruction resulted in imbalance to the ecosystem. In human safety, Carson pointed out the exposure to or ingestion of various products, each at individually safe levels, taken together, could lead to health problems (mental and cancer). Despite attempts by the chemical industry to dismiss Carson's science, her work is credited with beginning the American environmental movement, the creation of the Environment Protection Agency, and the 1972 ban on DDT. I don't believe that Rachael Carson had any weaknesses in her line of argument. She stated things that were clinically proven through extensive research that she concluded while working for seventeen years at the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The only problem with her argument is that she was just ahead of her time with all the information she was uncovering about the chemicals that were being used. People didn't think about their health, they just thought how the pesticides were going to help them. All the people wanted to hear was the positive aspects of agricultural chemicals. Her language was put in simple terms and was straight to the point with her statements and facts. She did this to allow the general public to be able to absorb the information she provided for their benefit. I also believe she put her information in simple text so that she would not come off as a know it all scientist trying to become famous for her research. Instead she wanted people to feel as she was simply putting out the information for the people's benefit. ?We are subjecting whole populations to exposure to chemicals which animal experiments have proved to be extremely poisonous and in many cases cumulative in their effects. These exposures now begin at or before birth and ?unless we change our methods- will continue through the lifetime of those now living.? These important words of the renowned Racheal Carson will be heard ringing in our ears forever. Political Issues Essays